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tory of tl^e famous 



TUNN&b I^SGAPB 



...From... 



LIBBY PRISON 






irAs Told by 

Maj. A'. G. HAMILTON, 

One of the Projectors, 



• • • • ^ 

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THE STORY OF THE 



Libby Prison 



Tunnel Escape. 



There is probably no event in the whole history of the Civil War in which the patriotism, 
energy, courage and ingenuity of the Union soldier is be'tter displayed than in the cele- 
brated tunnel escape from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., on the night of February 9, 
1864. Escapes from Southern prisons were frequent occurrences, but in the history of all 
of them there is not one that compares with this in the conception of the project, the 
working of its details, and the number of men that gained their liberty. The entire plan 
was such a remarkable one, and the results so successful, that the Confederate authorities 
were speechless with amazement when they learned that 109 Union officers had gained 
their liberty directly under the eyes of their guards, and that the escaping party included 
many of the most prominent prisoners in Libby. In fact, the only thing that surprised the 
Confederates was the fact that every man confined in Libby did not get away in the same 
manner as the 109 that crawled through the tunnel, and they contented themselves with 
the thought that the exodus was not as bad as it might have been. At the time of this 
event there were nearly 1,200 Union officers confined in the building, and had the tunnel 
project been terminated with the care with which it had been started there is no reason 
why at least half this number should not have made their escape. 

There have been many accounts of this famous escape written. Some by the partici 
pants, others by their friends, and still others by writers imbued with the idea that with 
the aid of a few meager facts and a literary dressing the story could be told in a satisfac- 
tory manner. Col. Thomas E. Rose, now in the United States army, projector of the tun- 
nel, could never be induced to give his story of the affair except in a brief manner. And 
this was only done after hundreds of requests from all over the country. His story 
appeared in the iXational Tribitne, in 1884. Colonel Rose is known to be a particularly 
modest and unassuming gentleman, and to the author of this pamphlet he once said: 
" I do not want to be distinguished, particularly so if distinction must come through so 
much pain and sorrow as the little I gained from the event in Libby." 

Perhaps Colonel Rose is right in taking this position. He was the acknowledged 
leader of the tunnel party, the acknowledged projector of the tunnel, and it was through 
his good sense, energy and management, aided by the devotion and labor of his fourteen 
comrades in the secret, that the escape was a success. The story coming from, his pen 
would savor of ostentation or egotism to many, and for this reason it is, perhaps, better 
that it be told by someone else. There is only one man that can do this from a leader's 



4 1 ll;i;\- I'RISOX TUNNEL KSCAPK. 

slaiulpoint, and il could not be better done than by Maj. A. G. Hamilton, with whom 
Colonel Rose discussed tht project as a confidential matter before it had been lisped to 
another soul. The result wis that the project was conceived from the ideas of these two 
men, and they were the organizers of the original party. Colonel Rose became its 
director, and Major Hamilton was his first assistant. Consequently it is safe to say that 
a story coming from Major Hamilton would naturally be correct as far as his memory 
would serve him. Major Hamilton was a member of the Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, was 
captured at Jonesborough, East Tennessee, with four comrades. He was taken to Lynch- 
burg, thence to Richmond, where he spent one night in Castle Thunder, and was then 
transferred to Libby Prison, and placed in what was called the Lower Chickamauga room — 
the center room on the second floor. This was September 29, 1863. At about the same 
time Col. Thomas E. Rose, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Infantry, was captured and 
placed in the same room. Major Hamilton's words will now better describe the concep- 
tion of the project and the final results. He says : " Colonel Rose and I were confined in 
the same room, but I did not form his acquaintance until we met in the Dock street base- 
ment of the prison, where all of the cooking was being done at that time. Then the one 
thought that was preying upon the minds of the 1,200 men in the building was a means 
of escape. None, however, were in sight. 




LIBBY PRISON, RICHMOND, \A. 



"The doors and windows were closely guarded, and to make an e.\it from either of 
these sources meant instant death. In the great, gloomy rooms nearly 1,200 men, robbed 
of liberty, watched the inexpressibly slow passage of time, the days going like scarcely 
moving tears, the nights like black blots dying out of a dream of horror, seemingly 
eternal in its duration. Here in a single room— the hospital — the angel of death kissed 
the starved lips of hundreds of men, and they ceased forever to whisper of sweetheart and 
mother, ceased to murmer of food and running water, cease'd to pray for a sight of the 
blue sky and a breath of fresh air blowing over well-remembered fields. Hope was all 
that sustained many — to many it was a hope for liberty in any form. Even death was 
sought. But among us were many strong-minded men — with a courage of steel. Among 
these I found Colonel Rose to be in the front rank. Our acquaintance ripened into a 
mutual friendship, and we soon had the full confidence of each other. To mc he proposed 
some meager ideas relative to an escape. In the meantime the basement kitchen was 
closed and the middle room on the main floor was used for this purpose. L^p to that time 



Il;ll\ PRISON TUNNIsl. I'.SCAI' 



we had formed no definite plans, but had talked the matter over. We had both arrived 
at the conclusion that there was only one way for us to get out of the prison, and that was 
to dig out. This conclusion was reached after the basement kitchen had been closed. 
After considerable deliberation it became a settled fact that the tunnel would have to be 
dug from the east basement, but to get into the basement was the next serious question 
that stared us in the face. All access to it had been closed and the stair and hatchways 
securely nailed. In the front of the kitchen we were then occupying there was a fire-place 
with two cook stoves before of it, with a large pile of kindling wood. A hole through the 
brick wall at this point would give us the access that we desired. I borrowed a knife 
from Lieut. -Colonel Miles, and when nearly all the prisoners were sleeping one night I 
carefully moved one of the stoves aside, and with the aid of the knife dug the mortar from 
the bricks. Thus the bricks were loosened, carefully taken out, and our access to the cellar 
was made. Then a board was 
ripped from the top of a bench, and 
with its aid we went down into the 
black basement, amid the hurrying, 
scurrying, squealing rats. In the 
meantime we had organized a secret 
party, including Capt. J. F. Gal- 
lagher, Major Fitzsimmons, Lieut. 
F. F. Bennett, Capt. John Sterling, 
Captain Lucas, Capt. I. N. Johnston, 
and possibly one or two others that 
I cannot recall by name. The diffi- 
culties under which we labored can 
be imagined when you think of the 
fact that we were working in the 
midst of 1,200 men, all eager for 
a breath of free air. It took us 
twelve nights to complete that en- 
trance to the basement, our work 
being a secret, as everything de- 
pended upon the care with which we 
guarded our operations. The next 
room was the hospital, and athought- 
less move would have betrayed 
us to the Confederate surgeons 
and doctors that were in the room day and night. I will never forget the satisfaction 
and relief that our little party experienced when that entrance was completed. It 
seemed as though half the battle had been won, although in reality our labors had been 
barely commenced. After gaining access to the cellar we started a tunnel on the Dock 
street side, our objective point being a sewer that we believed to be empty enough to allow 
an exit. To our dissappointment we found that the sewer was flooded. Failure was 
never thought of. Undaunted by ill success, we made another excavation in the east wall, 
about twenty feet from Dock street, and after digging a short way our progress was 
stopped by a number of logs that had been driven into the earth as a foundation. The 
simple tools that we had could not penetrate these logs, and this tunnel also had to be 
abandoned. 

" It was just thirty-eight days after the tunnel project had been conceived and sug- 
gested that we broke through the wall for the third and last attempt. This opening was 
made by Maj, B. B. McDonald and Capt. Terrance Clark, with the aid of a chisel that 
had been stolen from the carpenter shop. The mortar was cut with this chisel, and the 
bricks were pried out with sticks of hard wood that had been furnished the prisoners for 
kindling. At just about that time we organized by the addition of a few fellow prisoners, 
making a band of fifteen, sworn to secrecy regarding everything that pertained to the 
tunnel operations. Colonel Rose remained the leader and director of the party. He 




MAJ. A. G. HAMILTON. 



(i 



l.ll'.l'.N J'RISOX rUNNKl. KSCAPK. 




divided the party into three reliefs five in each. One relief would sta}' on duty a 
certain length of time, and by hearing the Confederate guards call the hour and post over 
their heads they always knew when it was time to quit. Then they would <|uietly pass to 
their quarters above, awaken the next relief, and go to sleep themselves. Capt. I. N. 
Johnston had the honor of breaking the first' dirt in the tunnel, and among the five that 
were on that first relief were Captains Fislar and Gallagher and Major Fitzsimmons. 
When I say that the digging party was sworn to secrecy, I do not mean to infer that there 
was nobody else in the prison that knew of the operations that we were conducting. 
While they did not take any active part in the tunnel, we had what we called our ' silent 
partners.' These were Lieut. -Colonel Boyd, Gen. H. C. Hobart, Brig. -Gen. Neal Dow, 
Maj. Harry White and Capt. John Sterling. The latter ofTicer had furnished the secret 
party with candles that were very beneficial in our work, and Lieut. -Colonel Boyd was 
taken into the confidence of Colonel Rose two days after the last tunnel had been started. 

The first two nights the digging party went into 
the basement they made their access by means 
of the plank. It, however, was an unhandy 
means of getting into the cellar, and was of such 
a nature that it might have aroused the sus- 
picions of the Confederate officers had they seen 
it. At that time Lieut. -Colonel Boyd had been 
appointed as a member of a committee to dis- 
tribute several bales of blankets that had been 
sent from the North for the unsheltered Union 
soldiers held as prisoners of war on Belle 
Island, in the James River, just below Richmond. 
Colonel Rose had seen these bales from the 
window of Libby. He saw that they were tied 
with a good, strong rope, just such as he needed 
to make into a ladder to be used in getting in 
and out of the cellar from the kitchen fire-place. 
He sought Boyd, and let him into the secret of the tunnel on the condition that he would 
secure the rope. Colonel Boyd got the rope that day, and it was made into a ladder and 
used by the digging party. 

" The completion of this tunnel was carried out almost identically as originally planned 
by Colonel Rose. I did but little of the digging, as I had charge of the kitchen fire- 
place entrance the greater part of the lime. Yet I made frequent trips into the cellar and 
knew just exactly how matters were progressing. The only difficulties e.xperienced in 
making this excavation resulted from a lack of tools and the unpleasant feature of hearing 
hundreds of rats squealing all the time and running over the diggers almost without a 
sign of fear. The earth was soft and easily r-emoved. For this purpose the chisel was a 
fortunate possession, but hands and fingers were constantly in use in loosening and remov- 
ing the dirt. As a receptacle for removing the earth the digging party used some wooden 
cuspidores that had been taken from the rooms above. A rope was attached to each end 
of these, and the man in the hole filled the box, after which his companion at the entrance 
pulled it out with one rope, the digger drawing it back with the other. In this manner 
three boxes were completely worn out. The dirt thus removed was carefully hidden under 
a pile of straw that had been stored in the basement. It will be remembered that our 
plan in this break for liberty was to tunnel about fifty feet and come up behind a board 
fence that would protect us from Libby and the guards, and then pass to the street through 
an unoccupied building that faced on Dock street. On the ninth night after this tunnel 
had been commenced, after having dug a hole just large enough for an ordinary sized 
man to squirm through, we supposed that we had gone far enough on the level. Then an 
upward shoot was made with the belief that the digger would find himself behind the pro- 
tecting fence. Yet we were not sure of the location, so rather than make a misstep the 
digger removed one of his shoes, shoved it through the little opening through which the 
stars were peering, and left it there. The next morning at daylight we looked out the 



Fire-place showing aperture through wliicli 
prisonor.s cscapod. 



].IV,V,\ PRISON TUNN'KI, KSCAl'K. 7 

window and to our disappointment found that the shoe was on the wrong side of the fence. 
Two nights more the men dug for liberty and on the thirteenth night the tunnel was 
finished. On that night we could have gone out had we so desired, but believing a fresh 
and early start would be to our advantage we closed up the hole and came upstairs for 
orders from Colonel Rose. It was decided that each of the fifteen in the digging party 
was to choose a friend to go out with him, and when the thirty had passed through the 
hole its entrance was to be closed by General Hobart, who had been let into the secret 
and given charge of the tunnel after we had left, on condition that he would hold the 
secret one hour, thus giving us a chance to make good our escape. On the fourteenth 
night after starting the third tunnel, the fifty-second night after the entrance was com- 
menced in the kitchen fire-place, our hopes and prayers were realized. Freedom was 
within our grasp and thoughts of home and the loved ones came thick and fast. At 8 
o'clock that night the kitchen fire-place was opened for the last time." 

"All of our arrangements had been made, and Colonel Rose, after bidding farewell to 
his comrades, dropped into the basement and made his way through the tunnel. He 
was the first man out. I was at his heels, and we were followed by Capt. J. F. Gallagher, 
Major Fitzsimmons, Captain Johnston and Lieutenant Fislar in the order named. This is 
as far as I can remember the names in order. Major McDonald waited in the basement 
for Col. A. D. Streight, whom he had chosen as his picked friend, and without malice or 
prejudice I would like to say right here that this is the only connection with the Libby 
Prison tunnel that Streight had as far as my knowledge extends. I never knew of an idea 
that he contributed and never heard his name connected with it as far as the digging party 
was concerned. In emerging from the tunnel, thence through the unoccupied building to 
Dock street, we went in parties of two and three, so that we would not particularly attract 
attention. As to the escape of others than Colonel Rose and myself I have no definite 
knowledge. Colonel Rose waited for me to come out of the tunnel and we passed to 
Dock street unnoticed. We walked two squares, and then turned. Here we passed a 
hospital guard, who insisted upon knowing where Rose was from. Not receiving satis- 
factory replies the Colonel was taken to the chief officer of the guard, where he must 
have made some clever explanations, for he was away again in half an hour. In the 
meantime I came to the conclusion that the quarters were too close for me in that vicinity, 
and I trudged on alone. The first night I made eight miles in the half-frozen swamps, 
and traveled seven nights before reaching the Union lines at Williamsburg. While travel- 
ing I was in ice and water to my knees the greater part of the time, and often it was up to 
my waist. I was about the fifth man to reach our lines — two had come in the day before 
and two the night previous to that. It was a happy day for me and I had the pleasure of 
meeting many more of my comrades within the next few days that had gone through that 
little hole. These are the facts regarding the history of the tunnel from my recollections. 
I have been told that 109 officers got out that night before the secret became an open one 
in the building, causing a wild stampede for liberty, which attracted the attention of the 
Confederate guards and put a stop to operations. I know that General Hobart kept 
the tunnel a secret an hour by the watch, closing the kitchen fire-place after the first 
thirty had departed. Had the prisoners kept cool and collected, I believe that the prison 
would have been almost emptied before daylight the next morning. At roll call on that 
day the escape was discovered, and before three days had passed fifty-six of the escaping 
party were recaptured, including Colonel Rose." 

[The above narrative is practically the same as that told by Capt. J. Diehl, Company 
C, Seventy-first Pennsylvania Volunteers (at the entrance of the tunnel in the Libby 
Prison War Museum). He was a prisoner in Libby at the time of the escape, and was 
personally acquainted with many of his comrades that participated in it. He has read 
many histories of the tunnel, and says that the above is the most accurate narrative of 
the event ever placed in print.] 



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THE TUNNEL PARTY. 



A complete list of the 109 Union officers that escaped through the tunnel on the night 
of February 9, 1864, has never been compiled, but after long research the writer has 
brought together the names of 103 men whom, it is believed on good authority, partici- 
pated in that event. Some of them are living, many others have passed away. Still 
others are missing. The living have been located in many cases, as will be seen by this 
list, and those that are known to be dead are reported so. All but one of the original 
tunnel party are accounted for. These are designated by the star. Readers that can 
make any corrections or additions will kindly send them to Chas. R. Macloon, Libby 
Prison, Chicago. The compilation to date (1893) is as follows : 

Adaims, R. R Captain 89th Ohio Inf 

Bassett, Mark M Captain 53d Illinois Inf Peoria, 111. 

Bedell, M 123d New York Inf 

♦Bennett, F. F Lieut. 18th Regulars U. S. Army. 

BovD, J. F Lieut. Col. 20th Army Corps Chambersburg, Pa. 

BovD, Matthew Captain 7.3d Indiana Inf Dead. 

Bradford, R. Y Lieut. 2d Tenn. Cav 

Brown, S. P Lieut. 15th U. S. Cav 

Caldwell, D. S Captain 123d Ohio Inf Chicago, 111 

Chamderlain, H. B Captain 97th New York Inf . 

Chivester, H. S ..Lieut. 33d Illinois Inf 

*Clark, Terrance Captain 7'Jth Illinois Inf Paris, 111. 

Collins, J. P ...Major 29th Indiana Inf « 

Crawi-ord, H. P Lieut. 2d Illinois Cav 

CuMMiNGs, Thos Captain ]9lh U. S. Inf Philadelphia, Pa. 

Daily, W. N Lieut. 8th Penn. Cav 

Davis, Geo. G Lieut. Col. 4th Maine Inf • 

Earle, C. W Lieut. 96th Illinois Inf Chicago, 111. 

Edmonds, P. S Lieut. 67th Penn. Inf 

Ely. W. G Colonel 18th Conn. Inf 

Fales, Jas. M Lieut Dead. 

Fentress, W. E. H U. S. Navy Dead. 

*FisLar; John C Lieut. 7ih Indiana Bat Lewiston, Indian Ter. 

Fisher, ■ Captain 3d Penn. Inf 

Fisher, B. F Captain, Chief of Signal Corps, Army of the Potomac. 

*Fitzsimmons, G. W Major 30th Indiana Inf Dead. 

Flamsburg, Da\id S Captain 4th Indiana Bat Dead. 

♦Foster, Eli Captain 30th Indiana Inf Dead. 

Fkansberrv, Dan'l 1st Michigan Cav 

Gageby, J. H Lieut. 19th U. S. Inf Ft. Sully, S. Dak. 

♦Gallagher, John F Captain 2d Ohio Inf Dead. 

Gallagher, Michael Captain 2d New Jersey Cav 

Gamble, S. P Lieut. 63d Penn. Inf Pittsburg, Pa. 

♦Garbett, Da\id Lieut. 77th Penn. Inf Dead. 

Gates, T Captain 33d Ohio Inf 

Good, G. S Lieut. 84th Penn. Inf Lock Haven, Pa. 

Greble, C Lieut. 8th Michigan Cav Dead. 

Hall, J. C 112th Illinois Inf 

•■'Hamilton, A. G Captain 12th Kentucky Cav Reedyville, Ky. 

Handy. Thos Captain 79th Illinois Inf 

Harris, — - Lieut. 9th Ohio Inf 

Hatfield, J. D Lieut. 53d Illinois Inf Neligh, Neb. 

Hauf, Adam Lieut. 4Gth New York Inf 

Henry, John Major 3th Ohio Inf... . .' 

Higi.ey, E. J. (HiGBY) Lieut. 2.3d Ohio Inf 



10 \A\:\\\ I'KISOX IINNKI. KSl'Al'i;. 

HiNKS, H T.ieut. 5~th Penn. Inf 

HoiiART, Harrison C Lieut. Col. '^;st Wisconsin Inf Milwaukee, Wis. 

Hooper, J. H Major 15th Mass. Inf '. Dead. 

Irsch, Fr.vncis Captain 45th New York Inf New York City. 

Johnson, Isaac Engineer U. S. Navy 

♦Johnston, I. N Captain Oih Kentucky Inf Pleasureville, Ky. 

Kendrick, W. P Colonel ;W W. Tenn. Cav ,. . . 

* Lucas, John Captain 5th Kentucky Inf.. Athens, Ala. 

McCreary, W. B Colonel 21si Mich. Inf Flint, Mich. 

*McDonald. B. B Major 101st Ohio Inf Dead. 

*McKean, N. S Lieut. '-'1st Illinois Inf CoUinsville, 111. 

Mell, Colonel •. 

♦Mitchell, John Lieut. 7'9th Illinois Inf 

Mills, D Colonel 70th Penn. Inf Lancaster, Pa. 

Moore, A Lieut. 4th Kentucky Cav 

Moore, M Captain -Jnth Indiana Inf 

MoRAN,- Frank Lieut. 73d Nevv York Inf Dead. 

Morgan, C. H Lieut. :Jlst Wis. Inf 

Phelps, L. D Captain 7;id Indiana Inf La Porte, Ind. 

Pierce, W. B Lieut. 11th Kentucky Cav 

♦Randall, W. S. B Captain 3d Ohio Inf Dead. 

Randolph, Lieut. 5th U. S. Art 

Rav, T.J Lieut. 49th Ohio Inf 

Reynolds, Wm Lieut. 73d Indiana Inf 

Rogers, Colonel 

♦Rose, Thos. E Colonel 77ih Penn. Inf Ft. Ringold, Tc.\. 

Rose, S. C Captain 4th Wis. Cav 

RosEMA.v, .Captain 3d Ohio Inf 

Rowan, Chas. E Captain 

Scearce, W. W .■ Captain 51st Indiana Inf San Angelo, Te.\. 

ScHROEDER, S Licut. 74th Penn. Inf 

ScoiT, E. S Lieut. 89th Ohio Inf Logansport, Ind. 

ScuDMORB, Lieut 

♦Simpson, John D Lieut. 10th Indiana Inf Dead. 

Small, M. R Adj. 6th Maryland Inf 

Smith, E. L Major, 9th U.S. Inf Dead. 

SouTHERLAND, S. D 125th Ohio Inf 

Spofford, J. P Colonel 07th New York Inf 

Starr, Geo. H Captain 104th New York Inf New York City. 

Sterling, John Lieut. 30th Indiana Inf Dead. 

Streight, a. D Colonel 51st Indiana Inf Dead. 

TiLDEN, Chas. W Colonel Kith Maine Inf ..Hallowell, Maine. 

Wali'.ek, Albert Lieut. 2(ith Wisconsin Inf 

Walker, I. N Major 73d Indiana Ir.f Indianapolis, Ind. 

Wallace,' Lieut. 5th U. S. Cavalry 

Wallich, W Captain 51st Indiana Inf Peru, Ind. 

Wasson, J. H Lieut. 40th Ohio Inf 

Waison, Wm. L Lieut. 21st Wis. Inf 

Wells, James M Lieut. 8th Mich. Cav 

West, T. S Lieut.-Col. 24th Wis. Inf 

White, A. B Lieut. 4th Penn. Cav Washington, D. C. 

White, P. A Lieut. 83d Penn. Inf 

Wilcox, Harkv . . .Lieut. 1st New York Cav 

WiLKiNS, J. E. Captain 112th Illinois Inf Des Moines, la. 

Williams, L. P Lieut. 73d Indiana Inf Washington, D. C. 

WiLLi.vMS, W. A Lieut. 12.3d Ohio Inf 

Witzel, Ale.\-. T. Von St Colonel 74th Penn'. Inf 

Yates, J Captain 3d Ohio Inf 



LIBBY PRISON TUNNEL ESCAPE. 



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PROP'R. 



Star 



I^e5taijra9t: 



CAFE AND RESTAURANT FOR 
LADIES AND GENTS. 



THE FINEST 25e. MEALS 

Can be had in this respectable establish- 
ment, situated only a few doors south of 
the Libby Prison. It recommends itself 
for its cleanliness and promptness of 
service. 

SERVICE (a la Carte) AT MOD= 
EKATE PKICES, 

Including Oysters, Fish, Game, Poultry, 
and the best the market can produce, 
can be had also at the 

STAR RESTAURANT. 

Specialty of Lunches put up to order. 
Visitors prospecting to go to the World's 
Fair, give us a trial and be convinced. 



1517 Wabash Avenue. 



pH8^ 



